Description
Origin
The cherry (Prunus avium), also known as sweet cherry, belongs to the Rosaceae family and originates from Europe and Western Asia. The wild cherry, from which our current cultivated varieties are derived, was already known and appreciated in ancient times. Over the centuries, cherries have spread to many parts of the world through breeding and cultivation, and today they are one of the most popular fruits in temperate climates.
Growth, Appearance, and Characteristics
Cherry trees are medium-sized, deciduous trees that can reach heights of up to 20 meters. They have a round to oval crown and smooth, reddish-brown bark that becomes cracked with age. The leaves are alternate, elliptical to ovate, and have serrated edges. In spring, usually in April or May, white to pink flowers appear in clusters. These flowers are not only attractive but also fragrant and attract numerous pollinators. The fruits, which ripen in summer, are round to heart-shaped, with a glossy red to deep black skin and juicy, sweet flesh.
Cultivation and Care
Cherries prefer a sunny location and deep, well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7. They are relatively demanding regarding soil quality and thrive best in loamy or sandy loam soils. Good drainage is important, as the trees are sensitive to waterlogging. When planting, it’s important to leave enough space between trees, as cherry trees develop a spreading crown. Regular watering is especially important in the first years after planting to promote strong root growth. Mulching helps retain soil moisture and reduce weed growth. Annual fertilization with organic fertilizer or a specific fruit tree fertilizer supports growth and fruiting. Pruning cherry trees is best done in late summer after harvest to improve crown ventilation and light penetration. This not only enhances fruit quality but also reduces the risk of diseases. It’s important to remove dead, diseased, or crossing branches and lightly thin out the crown.
Taste, Use, and Fruit
Cherries are characterized by their sweet, juicy flesh, which can be more or less tart depending on the variety. They are not only a popular table fruit but are also used in numerous culinary applications. Cherries are excellent for making jams, jellies, juices, and liqueurs. They are also an important ingredient in many baking recipes, such as cherry pies and tarts. Additionally, they are often used for making preserves and dried fruits. Cherries are rich in vitamins, especially vitamin C and vitamin A, as well as minerals like potassium and magnesium. They also contain antioxidants and fiber, which can contribute to overall health.
Harvest Time
The harvest time for cherries varies depending on the variety and location but generally falls between June and July. Early varieties can ripen by late May, while late varieties can be harvested until early August. Cherries should be picked when fully ripe and firm, as they do not ripen after harvest. A sign of ripeness is when the fruit easily detaches from the stem and has reached its characteristic color.
Pollination
Cherries are usually self-sterile and require cross-pollination by another cherry variety to set fruit. This means that at least two compatible cherry varieties should be planted near each other to ensure good pollination. Pollination occurs mainly by insects, especially bees, which transport pollen from one flower to another. Good pollination not only increases yield but also improves fruit quality. Some newer varieties are self-fertile but still bear better when cross-pollinated.
